Oleh Mas Edy

On shore, Corrected, 11 Nov 2010

Noltime.com Di luar daripada keperluan hitung pelayaran, tentu bagi anda yang menjalankan ibadah puasa di atas kapal perhitungan sunset dan sunrise adalah penting agar anda bisa menentukan kapan waktu magrib untuk berbuka puasa dan pada pagi hari Sunrise untuk menentukan kapan waktu sahur. Atau waktu senjah Sivil, senja Nautik, dan senja Astronomi.

Sekedar berbagi saja, saya akan menulis singkat bagaimana step-step untuk melakukan perhitungan  Sunset dan Sunrise.

Sunset (matahari terbenam)

1. Pertama-tama tentukan lebih dulu posisi lintang bujur duga kapal dimana anda ingin melakukan pengamatan perhitungan sunset dan sunrise.

2. Siapkan Nautical Almanac.

3. Siapkan buku catatan atau kertas catatan.

Lupakan haluan, baringan kompas dll seperti perhitungan error compass. Disini tidak di butuhkan itu hanya di butuhkan posisi anda lintag bujur dan Nautical Almanac.

Kita memulai perhitungan:

Tentukanlah Sunset.

Pada tanggal 23 August 2010, pada posisi duga kapal 10° 54.0`N / 096° 01.5`E

Jawab

LMT for Lat 10° N    =      18^h 14^m

Corr to 10° 54.0`N =  (+)      01^m   

BDW                        = (-)  6h  24m      +

UTC                         =      11^h 51^m

ZT                            =(+) 8h               +

Sunset                     =     19^h 51^m  LT

Jadi sunset atau matahari terbenam pada tanggal, 23 August 2010 adalah jam 19^h 51^m  LT

kapan waktu berbuka puasa, kapan isa??  tambahkan berapa menit dari matahari terbenam? aku tidak bisa menjelaskan sampai disana.

Penjelasan perhitungan Sunset

Sambil buka Nautical Almanac. Pada halaman tanggal dan bulan yang kita akan melakukan perhitungan.

8 menit = di dapat dari selisih jam sunset di Almanac pada Lat 10° N = 18^h 14^m  dengan 20° N = 18^h 22^m

10 = di ambil dari selisih Lat 20° – 10°

0.9 = di ambil dari  10° di kurang 10° 54.0` = 00° 54` = 0.9°

• Jam Sunset makin bertambah pada  lintang 20° N, maka kita beri (+) jika ke atas makin kecil beri (-) pada nilai corr LMT.

• BDW artinya Bujur dalam Waktu ( Bujur anda 096° 01.5`E dibagi 15° = 6° 24`) kita jadikan jam= 6h 24m. karena bujur kita East maka (-) untuk mendapatkan UTC.

• ZT (Zone Time). Anda di kapal memakai Zone Time mana?? atau berada di wilaya negara mana?? disini saya ambil contoh Malaysia maka Zone Time +8

• Zone Time di tambah UTC maka kita sebut LT (Local Time)

  Suksess. oyah, untuk mencari Sunrise anda bisa cari sendiri yah… metode nya sama saja, hanya pada Nautical Almanac perlu anda tau kolom letak Sunrise dan kolom Sunset letak nya tidak sama. Lihat Gambar. Kalo anda pahan perhitungan saya di atas, maka anda juga akan bisa mengerjakan untuk sunrise. kapan sahur, berapa menit sebelum matahari terbit?? saya hanya cukup bisa menghitung matahari terbit dan terbenam saja. ok. Selamat menjalankan Ibadah Puasa bagi kawan2 yang menjalankan..

     Lihat Gambar (Sunset & Sunrise) klik disini

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Oleh Mas Edy

On shore 25 Aug 2010

Noltime.com MENGHITUNG LHA MATAHARI DAN DECLINATION

Apa sih L.H.A itu? … pertanyaan timbul di benak anda. Kalo kita baca kepanjangan  L.H.A di dalam buku tentu adalah Local Hour Angle.

Secara gamblang artinya sudut local jam matahari. Local artinya posisi di Bujur mana di bumi ini anda mengadakan pengamatan terhadap sebuah object benda angkasa. Jadi sudut Local artinya sudut dari posisi Bujur anda sendiri yang melakukan pengamatan terhadap benda angkasa tersebut. Contoh anda silahkan berdiri di tempat terbuka menghadap lah ke utara, kemudian sekarang letak matahari ada di mana?? ok.. matahari di sebelah kanan anda atau di timur. Rupanya masih pagi hari baru terbit matahari nya.  Berarti sudut lokal nya kira-kira 270°. Kemudian matahari perlahan – lahan bergerak trus ke atas (begerak ke barat) maka itu sama artinya sudut lokal matahari akan bergerak trus naik dari 270° 271° 272° 273° 274° 275° 276° 277° 278° 279°…. dan seterus nya hingga 360° atau 000° berarti matahari berada tepat tegak lurus di atas kepala anda. Kemudian matahari akan bergerak perlahan terus ke barat maka sudut lokal nya akan begerak turun seperti ini 358° 359° 360° 001° 002° 003°…. dan seterus sampai ke 090° matahari mulai tenggelam di keremangan langit barat waktu nya mulai memasuki malam hari.

Jadi logika nya seperti itu. Setelah anda memahami itu maka akan lebih mudah men-definisikan apa itu L.H.A. Saya mundur sedikit kebelakang menengok istilah yang lain yaitu GHA.

Jadi G.H.A sama artinya juga dengan simulasi untuk LHA tadi. Beda nya, pengamat itu ada nya di Greenwicth sebuah tempat di ingris sebagai tempat permulaan patokan perhitungan Astronomi. Karena di Greenwicht maka di sebutlah GHA ( Greenwicht Hour Angle) dan GHA ini sudah di hitung oleh para ahli astronomi dan di cetak dalam buku yang di sebut Nautical Almanac untuk memenuhi kebutuhan para pelaut atau para Ahli Nautika Tingkat.. ANT.1,2,3,4,5.

Nah kalo begitu, jika kita sudah di beritahu GHA matahari dalam Nautical Almanac pada setiap detik,menit, jam, dan hari selama 365 hari dalam satu tahun kalender, maka beban seorang mualim sudah ringan dalam upaya untuk mendapatkan true azimuth. Anda hanya di mintah untuk mengkonversi G.H.A ke local, posisi bujur dimana anda melakukan pengamatan dan hasil nya anda sebut L.H.A

 Jadi apa lagi yang kawan pikirkan sekarang kalo suda di ketahui Greenwicht Hour Angle. Untuk mendapakan LHA (Local Hour Angle) bagaimana?

Maka definisi ku LHA itu adalah penjumlahan GHA + Bujur pengamat. itu saja hasil nya di sebut L.H.A

Tetapi tentu pelaksanaan penjumlahan nya mengikuti sebuah prosedur. Seperti contoh ku di bawa ini.

Anda perlu melihat beberapa data waktu pelaksanaan STEP.I Compass Azimuth beberapa data disana kita butuhkan.

Date : 23 – JUL- 2010

Time : 09h 36m 40s  UTC (utc atau GMT sama saja maksud nya)

Position : Lat:  02° 31.20′ N       Long:  101° 30.00′ E   (Malacca Strait)

Atau seperti gambar.

Atau dengan style yang lain silahkan pilih mana yang lebih enak di pakai.

Dari bagan di atas saya uraikan bagaimana penjabaran dari G.H.A hingga mendapat L.H.A.

Di bagian sebelah kanan atau tengah, disitu kolom Declination. Sekarang, anda perlu pahami tentang apa itu Declinasi setelah suda paham baru definisi nya bisa anda pakai bahasa sendiri. Janganlah bingung dengan defenisi dalam buku pelajaran anda atau versi buku di sekolah anda. Disana, mungkin bahasa nya sedik tinggi kalo kita masih kelas pemula artinya butuh penjelasan lebih jauh untuk dipahami dgn pengertian ala tingkat mahir...

Mari kita simak penjelasan singkat ala pemahaman ku.

Penjelasan:

Kolom Daily Page:

• Buka di Nautical Almanac pada bulan July 2010  23d 09h pada kolom SUN, Lihat Gambar Daily GHA & Dec Sun. ( disana anda temukan 313° 22.6′ ) betul ? lalu di catat.
• kemudian, pada row tersebut ke arah kanan akan anda temukan 20° 03.6 N, betul ? ini lah yang di sebut deklinasi. catat.
• Pada tahap ini juga sekalian di lihat perubahan deklinasi per/jam di paling bawa sekali dari halaman almanak, akan anda temukan (d 0.5) betul? dicatat.

                                         Gambar Daily GHA & Dec Sun

Increments dan d correction

• Sekarang, anda harus berpindah halaman pada nautical almanac, cari di halaman pertengahan hingga akhir buku akan anda temukan bagian dengan judul INCREMENTS AND CORRECTIONS. Lihat Gambar 
• llihat pada Menit 36` dan detik ke 40` anda akan temukan 9° 10.0′  betul ? catat. kemudian pada halaman tersebut juga lihat pada kolom d corr, lihat pada nilai d 0.5 pada row tersebut ke arah kanan akan anda dapati 0.3 betul? inilah nilai koreksi deklinasi, catat.

                                     Gambar INCREMENTS AND CORRECTIONS

Sum GHA and Dec  For July 2010  23days 09hours  36minutes 40second 

Pada kolom ini, anda sudah mendapat GHA yaitu  322°  32.6′ maka untuk mendapatkan L.H.A adalah tambahkan lah Bujur anda 101° 30.00′ E

Pada bagan tersebut di atas saya beri (+) ini karena Bujur East. Tapi, apabila Bujur anda adalah West maka, harus di beri (-) maka apabilah di jumlahkan maka hasil seperti bagan saya di atas LHA =  424° 02.6′  betul? sampai disini belum selesai karena, (dikatakan selesai apabila LHA anda di antara 000° – 360°)

LHA yang kita dapat lebih dari 360°, maka kita kurang 360°

Atau dengan kepanjangan ilustrasi kita harus jumlahkan dengan 360° juga. Tapi, tanda nya (-) karena bujur kita di East.

dan apabila ada berada di bujur West anda mungkin tidak mengalami LHA lebih dari 360°, tetapi anda mungkin mengalami minus hasil dari (GHA-Bujur) maka,

tentu anda harus jumlahkan 360°

Atau dengan kepanjangan ilustrasi kita harus jumlahkan dengan 360° juga, dan tanda nya tentulah (+) karena bujur kita di West memperjelas penulisan saya akan  (-)360°

Ok, maka selanjut nya seperti ini

L.H.A                  =       424° 02.6′

Multiples of 360 =  (-) 360°         +

L.H.A                  =          64° 02.6′

nah sampai disini baru selesai perhitungan LHA.

Maka hasil perhitungan LHA dan Deklinasi, kemudian Lintang di dapat dari GPS adalah seperti ini:

L.H.A                  =          64° 02.6′           ( dibulatkan jadi 64° saja)

Latitude             =          02° 31.20′ N      ( dibulatkan jadi 03° )

Declination         =         20° 03.3′  N        ( dibulatkan jadi 20° )

Ketiga pentolan inilah yang saya sebut kunci untuk mendapatkan True Azimut Matahari baik menggunakan calculator degan rumus anda masing2, atau menggunakan “Nories Nautical Tables” atau pun “DIP” Daftar Ilmu Pelayaran.

Note:

(Lihat juga postingan dengan Judul True Azimuth dan Compass Azimuth ini adalah kaitan dalam satu pembahasan Menghitung Error Kompas)

Alasan saya membuat tulisan warna-warni agar anda tidak bosan membaca nya.

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• August 15, 2010 -- True Azimuth
• August 14, 2010 -- Compass Azimuth
• August 11, 2010 -- Hitung error kompas

On shore  15 Aug 2010

Noltime.com Melanjutkan cerita saya mengenai cara hitung error compass pada postingan saya sebelunya salah satu janji saya adalah “True Azimuth”

True Azimuth di dapat dari perhitungan kecil membuka Nautical Almanac dan Daftar Ilmu Pelayaran atau Norie`s Nautical Tables atau calculator menggunakan formula / rumus.

Pada STEP II. True Azimuth ini,

Perlu pahami bahwa True Azimuth bisa anda dapat apabila ada 3 macam hal lain terlebih dahulu sudah anda ketahui.

3 hal yang saya maksudkan adalah: LHA matahari, Lintang anda, dan Declinasi matahari. Itu saja tiga poin tersebut apabila anda telah ketahui maka kita bisa mendapakan True Azimuth.

Penjelasan singkat:

1. LHA matahari di dapat dari Nautical Almanac dengan sedikit perhitungan kecil tidak ada nories nautical tables atau tabel apa pun di butuhkan disini. Murni hanya nautical almanac.
2. Posisi Lintang Observasi di dapat dari posisi GPS kapal anda.
3. Declination di dapat dari Nautical Almanac dengan tambahan sedikit koreksi. ini juga tidak di butuhkan nories table.

Nah dari 3 poin tersebut di atas yang sudah anda ketahui tentu adalah poin nomor 2 “Posisi Lintang Observasi” ( karena anda langsung nyontek dari GPS kapal )

Tetapi poin no.1 dan 3 belum anda ketahui. Betul ?

Oke, untuk urain poin no.1 dan 3 ( LH.A dan Declinasi ) ada pada postingan terpisah.

Setelah anda mengetahui ke tiga hal yang saya maksud tersebut, maka hasil nya adalah seperti ini ( Uraian perhitungan LHA di lihat pada postingan lain yang saya maksud) di bawa ini adalah hasil nya:

LHA matahari : 64°

Lintang : 03° N

Declinasi : 20° N

Untuk mendapatkan True Azimuth, nah disini baru keluarkan buku tabel “Nories Nautical Tables”.

Almanac tidak lagi di butuhkan. Jauhkan dan singkirkan dari meja anda itu hanya membuat konsentrasi anda boyerrr..

oke langsung saja ya saya tulis sebelum nya bleng seperti ini:

A :

B :

C :

True Azimuth :

True Azimuth :

Anda membuka Daftar “Nories Nautical Tables”  truss… anda dapat hasil sbb:

A : 0.03 S

B : 0.40 N ( – )

C : 0.37 N

True Azimuth : N 69.7° W

True Azimuth : 360° – 69.7° = 290.3° T

Akhir nya anda telah mendapat True Azimuth.

Wah paya nih mas arnold maen langsung – langsung aja. Gmana jalan nya kok tiba – tiba telah mendapat True Azimuth. pake ABC segalah lagi..!! emang mi goreng ABC apa??. ya paya. “kurang mantap”.. he2

mie sedap kali kurang mantap.

ini nih ketahuan yang abis jaga suka buat mie pake telor. Pantas koki nya suka “merajuk” kata orang melayu.. abis yang suka buat mie AB gak Officer piring pada banyak numpuk gk ada yg mau nyuci. yang merasa ya. di kapal suka nyesalin koki ntar masak nya gak enak lho.

ok kembali ke topik..

Ok jadi sabar fren,, saya hanya mengarahkan cara berpikir anda memahami gaya penjelasan ku.

maka saya jelaskan:

Pertama:

Anda telah mendapat LHA matahari : 64-02.6,  Lintang : 02-31.2 N, Declinasi : 20-03.2 N (lihat di atas)

Kedua:

Selanjut nya ambil lah buku "NORIE`S NAUTICAL TABLES" bawa kemari semua macam2 buku di atas meja jauhkan yang ada hanyalah "NORIE`S NAUTICAL TABLES" di atas menja. Kemudian bukalah di halaman buku tersebut cari daftar A.B.C Azimut, letak halaman nya kira2 berada di tengah halaman ke akhir halaman buku dengan bagian BAB. CELESTIAL NAVIGATION. Sudah temukan?? Selanjutnya silahkan di isi isian bagan kosong di atas. perhatikan pada kolom yang anda sebut Mie goreng ABC.

Penjelasan untuk A

0.03 di dapat dari "Norie`s Nautical Tables" dengan argument LHA dan Lintang (Lihat Gambar: Table-A)

Mengapa di belakang angka 0.03 ada tanda S ? alasan nya karena Lintang adalah N. Hukum nya, A ini sebutan nya selalu belawanan dengan Lintang. maka apabila Lintang N berarti sebutan A harus lah  S artinya berlawanan. perhatikan baik2..

                                        ( Gambar: Tables-A ) Norie`s Nautical Tables

Penjelasan untuk B

0.40 di dapat dari "Norie`s Nautical Tables" dengan argument LHA dan Declinasi matahari (Lihat Gambar: Table-B)

Mengapa di belakang angka 0.40 ada tanda N ? Alasan nya karena Declinasi adalah N. Hukum nya, B ini sebutan nya selalu senama dengan Declinasi. Maka apabila Declinasi N berarti B ini penyebutan nya harus N juga artinya selalu senama.

(sampai disini gmana? gampang yah.. saya sudah pernah bilang sesuatu pekerjaan terkesan sulit kalo belum tau. Tetapi kalo uda tau yahh segitu aja. iakan? bagaimana dengan maneuver tugboat gandeng tongkang. sulit gk?? kalo belum pernah jangan coba-coba. praktek dulu atau latihan main game perang sebelum sungguh2 berperang).

                     ( Gambar: Table-B )  Norie`s Nautical Tables

Penjelasan untuk C

0.37 (bukan di dapat dari Norie`s Nautical Tables) tapi di dapat dari Penjumlahan atau Pengurangan A dan B. Hukum nya apabila A dan B senama maka di jumlahkan kedua nya. Tetapi apabila tidak senama maka di kurangkan.

Mengapa di belakang angka 0.37 ada tanda N ? alasan nya penyebutan di C ini akan otomatis mengikuti penyebutan A atau B salah satu yang memiliki nilai paling besar.

Penjelasan untuk True Azimuth ( perhatikan di atas )

mengapa tertulis seperti ini,  N 69.7° W (perhatikan di atas)

69.7° di dapat dari "Norie`s Nautical Tables" dengan argument C dan Lintang.

Perhatikan baik – baik dengan argument 0.37 dan lintang. Maka angka ini anda cari di Norie`s Nautical Tables pada Daftar C. cari angka 0.37 ada di sana. Lihat paling atas sekali cari di semua halam Daftar C. apabila sudah ketemu, kemudian tarik pandangan ke bawa sejajar dengan lintang 03°  maka anda mendapat angka ini, 69.7 Sudah dapat, catat, tulis di kertas orek2an anda dengan di tambahkan  penyebutan nya sehingga jadi seperti ini: N 69.7° W saya jelaskan sedikit… mengapa ada N?  alasan nya karena C adalah N. Mengapa W ? alasan nya karena LHA. karena nilai LHA masih di antara 000° – 180° . Namun apabila LHA nilai nya di antara 180° – 360° berarti penyebutan nya E.

Untuk lebih memudahkan pemahaman anda saya sertakan gambar,  Daftar C lihat gambar

                         ( Gambar: Table – C ) Norie`s Nautical Tables

Catatan:

Pengalaman saya sejauh saya mengamati matahari, saya hanya bisa mengambil error kompas dan dapat mengambil error kompas dengan LHA matahari hanya antara 270° – 360° itu adalah letak matahari dari matahari terbit di timur sampai dengan siang hari tegak lurus di atas kepala anda. kemudian 000° – 090° ini adalah sudut jam matahari di atas kepala anda sampai dengan matahari terbenam di barat… kemungkinan anda bisa mendapat LHA lebih dari contoh saya di atas apabila anda berlayar di atas Lintang 10°N ke dibawa Lintang 10°S anda bisa mendapatkan LHA lebih dari ketentuan saya di atas dengan catatan Declinasi hampir sama dengan Lintang Anda, maka tentu terasa matahari libih lama bersinar daripada terbenam. Tetapi apabila anda berlayar hanya di sekitar khatulistiwa saja maka LHA anda tidak akan jauh dari patokan saya tersebut. Jadi apabila anda menulis LHA tidak di antara 270° – 360° dan 000° – 090° itu artinya anda ulangi lagi perhitungan LHA anda karena salah.

Tetapi apabila memang perhitungan LHA anda tetap hasil nya di luar jauh dari pada 000° – 090° dan 270° – 360°, berararti anda barangkali memang betul juga,,??i

Hanya saja perluh panggil Captain karena kemungkinan anda mengidap ganguan jiwa melihat matahari pada malam hari.. atau mungkin isu kiamat 2010 betul terjadi bumi tidak lagi perputar. hehe2 just kidding.

JAdi maksud saya LHA di luar dari pada yang saya sebutkan, itu adalah LHA matahari di bawa cakrawala maya / horizon. uda gk nampak matahari mana mungkin anda bisa baring matahari. okee..

maka saat keluarkan ilmu perbintangan anda….

Mari kembali ke topik.. hhmm ..Ilmu bintang lain pembahasan ya.!! tenang aja masi banyak Ilmu gw yang mau w bagi2

Penjelasan untuk True Azimuth ( perhatikan ini adalah final )

Setelah anda mendapkan True Azimuth adalah N 69.7° W anda perluh lagi mengkonversi ke dalam penyebutan standar arah mata angin. maksud nya begini aku lupa juga bagaimana cara penyampaian ya. Jadi bagaimana itu (N 69.7° W) bisa di sebut cukup 001° atau 070° atau apa aja sampai 360° jadi tidak ada lagi di pake N dan W.

ayoo.. gimana: ahh taulah ya maksud nya.

Kalo anda belum nyambung juga ya payah… mari ikuti saya:

NW artinya : 360° ke 270° betul ya.

NE artinya : 000° ke 090°

SW artinya : 180° ke 270°

SE artinya 180° ke 090°

betul ya—- trus sumber nya dari sini.

N = North = 360°

W = West = 270°

S = South = 180°

E = East = 090°

Jadi kalo penyebutan ya N 69.7° W

Berarti 360° – 69.7° = 290.3° T

tanda T hanya penekanan saja bahwa  T (True Azimuth) tidak ada aturan yang mengatur.

Ok, maka kita sudah mendapat True Azimuth. untuk mendapatkan Error kompas seperti yang sudah saya katakan kita harus menyelesaikan 2 tugas pokok yaitu:

1. Compas Azimuth sudah kita dapat adalah : 291° (lihat pada postingan lain cara mendapatkan compass azimuth)
2. True Azimuth sudah kita dapat juga adalah : 290.3°

Setelah sudah dapat kedua pentolan itu mari kita jabarkan hingga ketemu Error kompas

Buatlah di buku cakaran anda seperti ini(Lihat Gambar: Error-calculation )

sudah saya masukin pada bagan singkat di bawa silahkan di bayang – bayangkan.

bagan macam itu bukan dari kampus seperti dosen ku pak bekti ajarin.

Bagan ini cara komplet penyelesaian 3 macam error kompas di kapal sekaligus dalam satu perhitungan dan saya rasa ini paling mudah di pahami ketimbang di kampus. Dapat ilmu dari mas Suwondo. thks gk siah2 dulu cadet di kapal lokal ilmu foreign going.

                                       (Gambar: Error-calculation )

Catatan: untuk tanda penulisan pada Gyro Compass bukan untuk magnetik, itu harus anda tulis dengan tanda L atau H. Artinya ;

L = West,

H = East

dari gambar di atas bisa di baca

Error Gyro = 0.7° L

Error Standard kompas  =  2.7° W

Error Steering = 0.7° L

Variasi di peta tahun 2010 adalah: 0.3° W   (klik  disini untuk melihat contoh)

Deviasi  Gyro = 0.4° L

Deviasi  Standard kompas  =  2.4° W

Deviasi Steering = 0.4° L

Selanjut nya tinggal anda pindahkan hasil di atas ke buku Jurnal Kompas Error.

Selesai. 

Thanks arnold indonesian seafarers. mohon comentar ya, kalo uda dibaca. agar saya koreksi bila ada kekurangan.

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• August 14, 2010 -- Compass Azimuth
• August 11, 2010 -- Hitung error kompas
• September 11, 2010 -- Istilah English Maritime
• May 15, 2010 -- Navigation Light
• January 19, 2009 -- Pasang surut online
• July 16, 2010 -- Anda yang suka membuat catatan, atau sedang menyusun skripsi? Microsoft OneNote 2010 layak anda coba
• March 1, 2010 -- Mudah nya mencari alamat company, broker dengan Ovi maps & google maps
• May 29, 2009 -- The Mariners Handbook NP100
• June 4, 2010 -- Istilah Bahasa mengungkap makna konsep komunikasi pelaut
• February 5, 2010 -- Mualim II Navigation

On shore 14 August 2010

Noltime.com Pengalaman saya dalam menghitung error compass, banyak Officer maupun cadet yang sibuk terlebih dahulu dengan membayangkan perhitungan yang begitu rumit sebelum ia benar – benar melaksakan nya. Maka alhasil "malas" dan "banyak pekerjaan" sehingga tidak sempat mengambil error kompas begitu alasan nya.

Maka ada baik nya anda fokuskan pikiran anda hanya pada dua hal saja yaitu :

1. Compass Azimuth dan
2. True Azimuth

Compass Azimut, anda tidak perluh menghitung untuk mendapatkan nya tetapi melakukan pembaringan langsung terhadap matahari. Sedangkan..

True Azimuth di dapat dari perhitungan kecil membuka Nautical Almanac dan Daftar Ilmu Pelayaran atau juga Norie`s Nautical Tables.

Setelah anda melakukan kedua hal itu, maka error compas pun dapat di ketahui.

Mari kita memulai pelaksanaan dengan:

STEP I. Compass Azimuth.

Untuk mengetahui Compass Azimuth maka kita di haruskan melakukan baringan terhadap matahari langsung dengan tahap – tahap sebagai berikut:

Di atas kapal kita harus mempunyai alat2 seperti Gyro Compass, Standard Compass, dan Repeater. Dan kemudian kita juga ada alat yang nama nya Azimuth Mirror dan Chronometer / alat penunjuk waktu tersedia di atas kapal. kalo gk ada Chronometer bisa menggunakan jam yg ada di GPS. Jam nya itu terupdate dari satelit jadi akurat.

Setelah semua nya ada di atas kapal perhatikan lagi karena kita nanti juga akan menghitung True Azimuth untuk waktu yang sama dimana anda mengambil compass azimuth tersebut maka persiapkan juga Nautical Almanac, Daftar Ilmu Pelayaran, atau Norie`s Nautical Tables suda stand by untuk di gunakan.

Setelah itu kita akan memulai pengambilan baringan atau Gyro bearing matahari tetapi sesaat sebelum atau sesaat setelah pengambilan baringan, perikasa dulu penunjukan haluan standard compass, gyro compass atau master gyro (yang adanya sedikit tersembunyi bisa anda cari di sekitar kemudi itu ada lubang kecil lalu intip). Kemudian cek juga steering, dan Center Repeater, Starboard and Port Repeater. Suda, lalu catat penunjukan haluan masing2 dan juga perbedaan satu sama lain bila ada. Atau apabila perbedaan nya cukup besar misal nya lebih dari 5° maka perluh di adjust repeater paling tidak lebih mendekati sama dengan penunjukan master gyro atau lebih kurang dari 3° boleh lah untuk Master Gyro dan Repeater. Bukan magnetic kompas (standar kompas) mengapa? Karena gk mungkin kan anda adjust master gyro disamain dengan magnetic compass atau Standar kompas??

Selanjutnya silahkan menghampiri salah satu repeater entah itu yang center repeater atau starboard dan port repeater yang mana menurut anda leluasa tidak terhalang bagian2 anjungan kapal bila saat pengambilan baringan.

Letakanlah azimut mirror pada bagian atas repeater. Pastikan circular plate azimut mirror masuk benar pada bundaran repeater. Kalo masih belum pas anda coba sedikit di tekan sampai benar masuk dan bisa di geser / putar tidak lengket atau terasa berat.

Arahkan reflecting glass (macam kaca pemantul) azimuth mirror ke arah matahari ( paling baik matahari sekitar jam 4 soreh sampai jam 5 soreh atau jam 6 bahkan mendekati sunset kalo langit cerah sehingga nampak jelas matahari, sebalik nya juga di pagi hari dengan tinggi matahari tidak terlalu tinggi tetapi jelas dan bersinar terang ) kemudian adjust dengan mengerakan reflecting glass tersebut dari atas ke bawa sampai pantulan matahari tepat di kaca yang lain pada piringan Azimut mirror tsbt. Sesuaikanlah dengan ayunan oleng kapal ke kiri dan kanan. Tahan lah pada bidang datar dengan kelincahan mata anda melihat titik tengah dari pengukuran spirit level (macam water pass) pada azimut mirror tsbt. Sehingga pada mark disk atau mawar compass repeater anda akan mendapati seberkas sinar tepat seperti garis cahaya mengenai titik-titik derajat pada mawar repeater. Pada saat yang tepat pula baca lah penunjukan nya… Lalu catat. (catat menunjukan berapa derajat)

Dengan waktu yang hampir bersamaan juga, bacalah penunjukan jam. Catatlah  dalam detik-menit-dan jam. Dan tentu juga tangal hari itu. ( langsung aja dlm jam GMT)

Catat juga posisi GPS anda Lintang dan Bujur saat tersebut.

Informasi atau data tersebut bisa anda catat dengan urutan dan format pada sebuah buku catatan/cakaran perhitungan Error kompas seperti ini:

Date : 23 – JUL- 2010

Time : 09h 36m 40s  UTC (utc atau GMT sama saja maksud nya)

Position : Lat:  02° 31.20′ N       Long:  101° 30.00′ E   (Malacca Strait)

Compass Azimuth :     291°     ( Port Repeater)

Course,  Gyro: 128°   Standard:   130°    Steering:  128°

Atau seperti gambar.

                                    Gambar STEP I. Compass Azimuth

Anda telah menyelesaikan STEP I. Compass Azimuth,  perhatikan baik2 setelah anda menyelesaikan tahap ini berarti anda telah menyelesaikan  1 tugas di antara 2 tugas utama  sebagai sumber informen untuk mengungkap error compass. Seperti yang suda saya katakan hanya ada dua poin utama tugas anda untuk menyelesaikan perhitungan Error Compass yaitu  Compass Azimuth, True Azimuth.

Maka Step berikut nya, kita masuk pada ulasan menyelesaikan True Azimuth atau bisa kita sebut:

STEP II. True Azimuth

To be continue.. Next Post

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• August 15, 2010 -- True Azimuth
• August 11, 2010 -- Hitung error kompas
• September 11, 2010 -- Istilah English Maritime
• May 15, 2010 -- Navigation Light
• January 19, 2009 -- Pasang surut online
• July 16, 2010 -- Anda yang suka membuat catatan, atau sedang menyusun skripsi? Microsoft OneNote 2010 layak anda coba
• March 1, 2010 -- Mudah nya mencari alamat company, broker dengan Ovi maps & google maps
• May 29, 2009 -- The Mariners Handbook NP100
• June 4, 2010 -- Istilah Bahasa mengungkap makna konsep komunikasi pelaut
• February 5, 2010 -- Mualim II Navigation

On Shore 11 August 2010

Noltime.com Saya akan bercerita sedikit tentang  bagaimana mencari Error Kompas, tapi pasti kawan2 suda pada taulah … Ok. Ini versi ku nanti akan saya uraikan begitu santai dalam 2 atau 3 bagian postingan secara terpisah supaya teman2 yang belum paham benar akan mengerti Menghitung Error Compass.

Apa itu TRUE AZIMUTH dan COMPASS AZIMUTH, metode perhitungan menggunakan "NORIE`S NAUTICAL TABLES" dan juga calculator dengan menggunakan formula atau rumus.

Yang menjadi poin pertanyaan saya hingga masala error kompas ini saya tulis adalah “Sudah kah anda mengerjakan minimal salah satu Deck Officer di anjungan untuk mengisi buku jurnal kompas dengan prosedur perhitungan mulai dari membaring matahari sampai pada orek2an di atas kertas hingga mendapat baringan sejati matahari atau True Azimuth”.

Persoalan:

Banyak kita yang sibuk terlebih dahulu dengan membayangkan perhitungan yang begitu rumit sebelum ia benar – benar melaksanakan nya. Maka alhasil nya adalah "malas" dan "banyak pekerjaan" tidak sempat mengambil error kompas begitu alasan nya.

Pengalaman pribadi…. saya waktu join pada salah satu kapal tanker asing kebetulan crew nya adalah berkebangsaan Indonesia dan beberapa Philiphin dan Malaysia. Mualim nya campur ada Philiphin dan juga Indonesia termasuk saya. Nah masalah yang jadi perhatian saya adalah di anjungan seorang teman bilang begini "Bagaimana cara menghitung error kompas di kapal ini menggunakan Norie`s nautical tables, saya benar belum paham menggunakan nya. Saya dulu mempelajari nya di sekolah dengan menggunakan Daftar Ilmu Pelayaran atau DIP" Ujar teman saya.

Nah jadi kawan saya betul…. di Indonesia yang di ajarkan dosen menggunakan Daftar Ilmu Pelayaran DIP sedangkan di kapal yang ada Norie`s Nautical Tables.. Ayo jadi repot kan..?? Yang disalahkan dosen nya apa system kurikulum kita….?! Soalnya nggak real apa yang kita temui di lapangan dengan apa yang di ajarkan di bangku kuliah.

Ahh bodo yang di cari duit bukan jadi Ahli Nautical di kapal…..

Padahal jelas – jelas menyandang gelar ANT Ahli Nautika Tingkat .. berapa ayoo… yang bergelar tingkat tinggi harus bisa tanggung jawab ya atas gelar nya. he2 becanda boss jangan tersinggung.

Jadi begini menurut paham saya ini hanyalah masalah tabel "Daftar Ilmu Pelayaran" atau "Nories Nautical Tables" Saya anggap sama saja tapi yang berbeda hanya tata letak logaritma nya sehingga membingunkan bagi yang belum pernah untuk membuka nya.

Kalo anda juga mengalami masalah ini, maka beberapa hari akan saya bercerita sedikit pengalam saya tentang topik ini.

Saya hanya iseng berbagi pengalaman bukan mengajari jadi hanya sejauh yang saya pahami. Kalo di antara para pembaca ada senior ku atau pengajar atau dosen disini.. mohon maaf ya, seyum – seyum aja karena kalo tulisan saya hanya terkesan lucu.

Postingan nya sudah saya siapkan namun saya publish dengan mode schedule dalam beberapa hari baru akan otomatis tampil pada halaman blog.

Judulnya adalah “True Azimuth” dan “Compass Azimuth” dan mungkin ada yang lain lagi menyusul

To be continue.. Next Post

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• August 15, 2010 -- True Azimuth
• August 14, 2010 -- Compass Azimuth
• September 11, 2010 -- Istilah English Maritime
• May 15, 2010 -- Navigation Light
• January 19, 2009 -- Pasang surut online
• July 16, 2010 -- Anda yang suka membuat catatan, atau sedang menyusun skripsi? Microsoft OneNote 2010 layak anda coba
• March 1, 2010 -- Mudah nya mencari alamat company, broker dengan Ovi maps & google maps
• May 29, 2009 -- The Mariners Handbook NP100
• June 4, 2010 -- Istilah Bahasa mengungkap makna konsep komunikasi pelaut
• February 5, 2010 -- Mualim II Navigation

Updated 10 August 2011 ( Pada bagian akhir artikel)

Tulisan ini timbul setelah saya mendapat kesulitan untuk mencari jarak port to port dimana saya mendapat job mengantar atau delivery sebuah kapal.

Persoalan yg saya ingin mencari solusinya adalah saat saya mendapatkan tawaran tsbt tentu saya masih di darat dan bagaimana cara nya agar saya bisa mengetahui kira2 estimate time under way, ETA atau estimate kapan kapal berangkat dari pelabuhan dan kapan akan tiba tujuan??.. Wah belum join kapal uda pusing2 ngitung jarak di darat. Tentu ini bukan tanpa alasan, mengapa saya mencari solusi untuk hal ini ??. Alasan nya adalah karena saya sudah lebih dulu menunggu join kapal di sebuah perusahaan, Tapi karena masih stand by maka tak ada salahnya saya mengantar kpl lain untuk waktu beberapa hari, lumayan bisa buat tambahan uang saku.Jadi abis ngantar kapal kembali untuk memenuhi panggilan company lama hehe2.. Ok.

Pada tulisan saya terdahulu saya memberikan tips koreksi peta, tide predictions online Sakarang mencari jarak dgn cepat gaya mobile. Jadi cara ini bisa untuk panduang membuat garis haluan agar jarak tidak terlampau jauh dari distance table. Terutama untuk pelayaran ocean going, great circle dan juga membantu bagi anda yang tidak mau repot membuka Admiralty Distance Table.

Semua kepraktisan tentu butuh pengorbanan juga. yah butuh online. Barangkali ada software distance table yang bisa anda install di pc anda dan bekerja offline, tetapi tips ku ini bekerja secara online anda hanya perlu koneksi ke internet dimana pun anda berada. Lalu kunjingilah link yang saya tulis pada akhir artikel ini. Bagian updating records

- Leaving from (masukan pelabuhan keberangkatan)

- Going to (masukan pelabuhan tujuan)

- Time begin (masukan jam keberangkatan. Disini tidak ada pilihan untuk date karena di anggap tanggal nya adalah tanggal saat anda melakukan perhitungan)

- Speed (masukan speed rata-rata kapal anda)

Setelah data-data tersebut sudah di masukan, selanjutnya klik pada tab submit. Tunggu beberapa saat anda akan diberikan informasi seperti contoh di bawa ini. Dari Shanghai ke- Singapore. (dengan data yg saya gunakan departure Date: 16 Feb 2010 / 14.00 LT, speed 12 knots )

Search Results

Distance = 2237 Nautical Miles

Time usage = 7 days 18 hours

Departure from SHANGHAI

Port Code: CNSHA

Country: CHINA

Longitude: 121°27′E

Latitude: 31°14′N

Date: 16-02-2010

Time: 14:00

Arriving to SINGAPORE

Port Code: SGSIN

Country: SINGAPORE

Longitude: 103°49′E

Latitude: 1°16′N

Date: 24-02-2010

Time: 08:00

Updating records date, 10 august 2011

Seperti pada kesempatan lain saya katakan bahwa update pada artikel blog ini sering saya lakukan terhadap perkembangan baru yang membuat informasih yang saya tulis di blog ini sudah kurang relevan. Oleh karena itu, Untuk Distance table online sendiri ada perubahan mengenai alamat link distance table online yang saya bahas di atas ada di sini yang sudah saya berikan kepada kawan – kawan pelaut sebelumnya. Tetapi akhir-akhir ini mengalami masalah sulit di akses. oleh karena itu saya menyarankan Link yang lain, klik ini portworld distance  dan yang paling akhir, sebenar nya bukan paling akhir yg paling baik untuk masalah urusan distance table saya menggunakan ini silahkan klik ini di download kemuadian instal pada laptop dan registrasi tentu nya. Program tersebut berbayar namun anda bisa mencoba free trial nya program ini yang sedang saya gunakan. Penggunaan nya tetap menggunakan koneksi internet.

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• August 21, 2009 -- Tentang Electronic chart dan aturan yang mengaturnya
• February 3, 2009 -- Daftar istilah & singkatan2 navigasi
• July 11, 2009 -- Minimum Under Keel Clearance
• May 29, 2009 -- The Mariners Handbook NP100
• January 19, 2009 -- Pasang surut online
• September 4, 2008 -- Tips Mengatasi masalah koreksi peta BA ( British Admiralty )

On shore, 6 February 2010

Mates were in high demand during World War II.

The International Regulations for Preventing Collisions at Sea are a cornerstone of safe watchkeeping. Safety requires that one live these rules and follow the principles of safe watchkeeping. Maximizing bridge teamwork, including Bridge Resource Management is an emerging focus in watchkeeping.

The main purpose for Radar and Automatic Radar Plotting Aids (ARPA) on a ship’s bridge are to move safely among other vessels. These tools help to accurately judge information about prominent objects in the vicinity, such as:

• range, bearing, course and speed

• time and distance of closest point of approach

• course and speed changes

These factors help the officer apply the COLREGS to safely maneuver in the vicinity of obstructions and other ships.

Unfortunately, radar has a number of limitations, and ARPA inherits those limitations and adds a number of its own. Factors such as rain, high seas, and dense clouds can prevent radar from detecting other vessels. Conditions such as dense traffic and course and speed changes can confuse ARPA units. Finally, human errors such as inaccurate speed inputs and confusion between true and relative vectors add to the limitations of the radar/ARPA suite.

The radar operator must be able to optimize system settings and detect divergences between an ARPA system and reality. Information obtained from radar and ARPA has to be treated with scrutiny: over reliance on these systems has sunk ships. The officer must understand system performance. Examples include limitations and accuracy, tracking capabilities and limitations, and processing delays, and the use of operational warnings and system tests.

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• May 5, 2009 -- PERATURAN INTERNATIONAL TENTANG PENCEGAHAN TUBRUKAN DI LAUT 1972 (English)
• August 15, 2010 -- True Azimuth
• August 14, 2010 -- Compass Azimuth
• August 11, 2010 -- Hitung error kompas
• May 15, 2010 -- Navigation Light
• March 1, 2010 -- Mudah nya mencari alamat company, broker dengan Ovi maps & google maps
• January 26, 2009 -- Cerpen seorang pelaut, Menyongsong Badai
• January 19, 2009 -- Pasang surut online

On shore, 5 February 2010

While a ship is underway, the officers navigate it, typically in three shifts or watches.

Celestial, terrestrial, electronic, and coastal navigation techniques are used to fix a ship’s position on a navigational chart. Accounting for effects of winds, tides, currents and estimated speed, the officer directs the helmsman to keep to track. The officer uses supplemental information from nautical publications, such as Sailing Directions, tide tables, Notices to Mariners, and radio navigational warnings to keep the ship clear of danger in transit.

Safety demands the mate be able to quickly solve steering control problems and to calibrate the system for optimum performance. Since magnetic and gyrocompasses show the course to steer, the officer must be able to determine and correct for compass errors.

Weather’s profound effect on ships requires the officer be able to interpret and apply meteorological information from all available sources. This requires expertise in weather systems, reporting procedures, and recording systems.

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• August 15, 2010 -- True Azimuth
• August 14, 2010 -- Compass Azimuth
• August 11, 2010 -- Hitung error kompas
• May 15, 2010 -- Navigation Light
• March 1, 2010 -- Mudah nya mencari alamat company, broker dengan Ovi maps & google maps
• January 19, 2009 -- Pasang surut online

On shore, 05 February 2010

At sea, the mate on watch has three fundamental duties: to navigate the ship, to safely avoid traffic, and to respond to emergencies. Mates generally stand watch with able seamen who act as helmsman and lookout. The helmsman executes turns and the lookout reports dangers such as approaching ships. These roles are often combined to a single helmsman/lookout and, under some circumstances, can be eliminated completely. The ability to smartly handle a ship is key to safe watchstanding. A ship’s draught, trim, speed and under-keel clearance all affect its turning radius and stopping distance. Other factors include the effects of wind and current, squat, shallow water, and similar effects. Shiphandling is key when the need arises to rescue a man overboard, to anchor, or to moor the ship.

The officer must also be able to transmit and receive signals by Morse light and to use the International Code of Signals

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• March 17, 2009 -- Di mozambique channel Africa
• July 11, 2009 -- Minimum Under Keel Clearance
• May 15, 2010 -- Navigation Light
• January 21, 2010 -- International Safety Management Code
• January 18, 2010 -- Bahaya – Bahaya Minyak
• December 15, 2009 -- Ukur dan Hitung Minyak
• July 31, 2009 -- INTERNATIONAL SHIP AND PORT FACILITY SECURITY
• June 26, 2009 -- Plan Maintenance System (PMS)
• January 24, 2009 -- MUATAN BERBAHAYA (DANGEROUS GOODS)
• January 19, 2009 -- Penanganan Muatan Tanker

On shore, 4 February 2010

A second mate is almost always a watchstander. In port and at sea, the second mate is responsible to the captain for keeping the ship, its crew, and its cargo safe for eight hours each day. Traditionally, the second mate stands a "12-4" watch: from midnight until 4am and noon until 4pm. On watch, he must enforce all applicable regulations, such as safety of life at sea and pollution regulations. In port, the watch focuses on duties such as cargo operations, fire and security watches, monitoring communications, and the anchor or mooring lines.

IMO regulations require the officer be fluent in English. This is required for a number of reasons, such as to use charts and nautical publications, understand weather and safety messages, communicate with other ships and coast stations, and to be able to work with a multi-lingual crew

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• May 15, 2010 -- Navigation Light

On Shore, 03 February 2010

A second mate (2/M) or second officer is a licensed member of the deck department of a merchant ship. The second mate is the third in command and a watchkeeping officer, customarily the ship’s navigator. Other duties vary, but the second mate is often the medical officer and in charge of maintaining distress signaling equipment. On oil tankers, the second mate usually assists the chief mate with the tank-cleaning operations.

The navigator role focuses on creating the ship’s passage plans. A passage plan is a comprehensive, step by step description of how the voyage is to proceed from berth to berth. The plan includes undocking, departure, the en route portion of a voyage, approach, and mooring at the destination.

The GMDSS officer role consists of performing tests and maintenance, and ensuring the proper log-keeping on the ship’s Global Maritime Distress Safety System equipment. Safety equipment includes Emergency Position-Indicating Radio Beacons, a NAVTEX unit, INMARSAT consoles, various radios, Search and Rescue Transponders, and Digital Selective Calling systems.

Random Posts

• January 31, 2010 -- Memuat kulit
• July 23, 2011 -- Sertifikat–sertifikat kapal
• August 8, 2009 -- Pulau Baai, Bengkulu
• October 17, 2011 -- Dokumen–dokumen dalam pemuatan
• September 11, 2010 -- Cara aman menyimpan file penting di laptop
• August 20, 2009 -- TT. Teluk Kabung, Padang
• March 1, 2010 -- Mudah nya mencari alamat company, broker dengan Ovi maps & google maps
• July 16, 2009 -- TIDAK SEMUA PELAUT OBRAL CINTA
• February 14, 2011 -- Meteorology & Oceanography
• July 16, 2010 -- Cara mendapat WCF (Weight Convertion Factor), membuka ASTM table 57

On shore, 21 January 2010

‘International Safety Management (ISM) Code means the International Management Code for the safe Operation of Ships and for Pollution Prevention

The purpose of ISM Code is:

* To ensure Safety at Sea

* To prevent human injury or loss of life

* To avoid damage to the environment and to the ship.

SOLAS adopted the ISM Code in 1994 and incorporated it into chapter IX. By 1998 much of the commercial shipping community was required to be in compliance with the ISM code. By 2002 almost all of the international shipping community was required to comply with the ISM Code.

In order to comply with the ISM Code, each ship class must have a working Safety Management System (SMS). Each SMS consists of the following elements:

* Commitment from top management

* A Top Tier Policy Manual

* A Procedures Manual that documents what is done onboard the ship

* Procedures for conducting both internal and external audits to ensure the ship is doing what is documented in the Procedures Manual

* A Designated Person to serve as the link between the ships and shore staff

* A system for identifying where actual practices do not meet those that are documented and for implementing associated corrective action

* Regular management reviews

Another part of the ISM is the mandatory Planned Maintenance System which is used as a tool maintaining the vessel according to the specified maintenance intervals.

Each ISM compliant ship is inspected regularly by classification society to check the effectiveness of their SMS. Once classification society verifies the SMS is working and effectively implemented, the ship is issued a Safety Management Certificate. Comments from the classification society and from the ship are incorporated into the SMS by headquarters.

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• July 11, 2009 -- Minimum Under Keel Clearance
• February 5, 2010 -- Mualim II Sea watch
• January 18, 2010 -- Bahaya – Bahaya Minyak
• December 15, 2009 -- Ukur dan Hitung Minyak
• August 23, 2009 -- Masters` Standing Order
• August 21, 2009 -- Calling the Master
• June 26, 2009 -- Steering gear: Testing and drills
• June 26, 2009 -- Plan Maintenance System (PMS)
• January 24, 2009 -- MUATAN BERBAHAYA (DANGEROUS GOODS)

On shore, 20 January 2010

MARPOL POLLUTION – 73/78

Marpol contains 6 annexes, concerned with preventing different forms of marine pollution from ships:

Annex I: Prevention of pollution by oil

Annex II: Control of pollution by noxious liquid substances

Annex III: Prevention of pollution by harmful substances in packaged form

Annex IV: Prevention of pollution by sewage from ships

Annex V: Prevention of pollution by garbage from ships

Annex VI: Prevention of Air Pollution from Ships

1. Annex I : Peraturan pencegahan pencemaran yang ditimbulkan oleh minyak (Oil) in bulk.

2. Annex II : Peraturan pencegahan pencemaran yang ditimbulkan oleh cairan berbahaya dalam bentuk curah ( Noxious liquid substances in bulk )

3. Annex III : Peraturan pencegahan pencemaran yang ditimbulkan oleh Zat – Zat berbahaya dalam kemasan ( Harmfull substances in package )

4. Annex IV : Peraturan pencegahan pencemaran yang ditimbulkan oleh pembuangan kotoran ( Sewage )

5. Peraturan pencegahan pencemaran yang ditimbulkan oleh Sampah ( Garbage ).

6. Peraturan pencegahan pencemaran yang ditimbulkan oleh Pencemaran udara ( Air pollution )

Isi dalam MARPOL bukan melarang pembuangan zat-zat pencemar ke laut, tetapi mengatur cara pembuangan nya. Agar dgn pembuangan tersebut laut tidak tercemar ( rusak ), dan ekosistim laut tetap terjaga.

Seperti pada Annex I , kapal masih membuang minyak kelaut dgn ketentuan :

· Konsentrasi minyak harus < 15 ppm (part per million). Kapal dalam keadaan berlayar, lokasi pembuangan > 12 mil laut dari pantai terdekat

· Tiap 30 liter minyak harus di buang secara merata sepanjang 1 mil ( 30 ltr/mil ). Kapal dalam keadaan berlayar, lokasi pembuangan > 50 mil laut dari pantai terdekat.

Pembuangan keluar kapal, pada umumnya hanya di perbolehkan dilaut. Tetapi tidak di laut SPECIAL. Ini tidak di perbolehkan. Yang termasuk dalam laut special adalah:

· Mediterranean sea

· Baltic sea

· Black sea

· Red sea

· Gulf area

· Gulf of Aden

· Antartic

· North west European waters & North sea

Peralatan untuk membantu cara pembuangan dan untuk pengawasan dalam pelaksanaan Marpol:

1. ODME

2. CWS

3. Oil / Water Interfance Detector

4. Incinerator

5. – Oil Record Book Vol I. untuk kamar mesin. Vol II. Untuk Bag deck.

- Cargo Record Book utk Chemical tanker

- Garbage Record Book.

6. SOPEP ( Ship Oil Pollution Emergency Plan )

MARPOL 73-78 signatories

Marpol 73/78 is the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 as modified by the Protocol of 1978. ("Marpol" is short for marine pollution and 73/78 short for the years 1973 and 1978.)

Marpol 73/78 is one of the most important international marine environmental conventions. It was designed to minimize pollution of the seas including dumping, oil and exhaust pollution. Its stated object is: to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances.

The original MARPOL Convention was signed on 17 February 1973, but did not come into force. The current Convention is a combination of 1973 Convention and the 1978 Protocol. It entered into force on 2 October 1983. As at 31 December 2005, 136 countries, representing 98% of the world’s shipping tonnage, are parties to the Convention.

Postingan lain yang mungkin berhubungan:

• June 1, 2009 -- Menghadapi Vetting Inspection & Oil Major, Download Ship Inspection Report (SIRE) Programme

Oleh: Mas Edy

On shore, 19 January 2009

Selang pemuatan harus sesuai spesifikasi standar penguasa nasional seperti British Standards Institution (BS 1435) atau sesuai rekomendasi OCIMF.

Selang harus di gunakan sesuai fungsinya, untuk penggunaan biasa ada tiga macam/tipe:

# R – rough bore, adalah selang yang di perkuat dengan kawat di gunakan untuk penggunaan berat (heavy ducy), utk sub marine dan floating adalah R X M.

# S – smooth bore, Selang yg tidak di perkuat dgn lilitan kawat, di gunakan utk keperluan lebih ringan ( lighter) utk floating & sub marine adalah S X M.

# L – light weight, untuk keperluan-keperluan ringan misalnya bunkering.

Selang tidak boleh digunakan melebihi klafikasinya. Klafikasi selang adalah berdasarkan besarnya tekanan atau besarnya kecepatan aliran (flow velocity). Sesuai spesifikasi OCIMF maka;

L & S dengan flow velocities 12 m/scc (40 feet / sec)

R dengan flow velocities 15 m.scc (50 feet / sec).

TESTING SELANG

Testing harus dilaksanakan secara berkala dan

terus menerus sesuai rekomendasi OCIMF yang tercantum.

Penyimpanan

Harus di simpan ditempat yang baik yaitu dingin, gelap, kering dgn sirkulasi yang cukup, di service setelah di simpan ± 2 bulan, hal ini sesuai dengan rekomendasi OCIMF.

Berat selang

Untuk CBM berat kira – kira pada daftar dalam ton (termasuk fitting, bui pengapung dan pick up, penuh minyak SGO, 850, dgn tinggi angkatan 7,5 m diatas deck saat kapal kosong.

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On board, 21 August 2009

What is an Electronic chart display system?

An electronic chart display system is a general term for all electronic equipment that is capable of displaying a vessel’s position on a chart image on a screen.

There are two classes of electronic chart display systems. The first is an ECDIS (Electronic Chart Display and Information System), which can meet IMO/SOLAS chart carriage re­quirements. The second is an ECS (Electronic Chart System), which can be used to assist navigation, but does not meet IMO/SOLAS chart carriage requirements.

ECDIS

ECDIS equipment is specified in the IMO ECDIS Performance Standards as follows:

Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) means a navigation information system which, with adequate back up arrangements, can be accepted as complying with the up-to-date chart required by regulation V/1 9 & V/27 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention.

Where the term ECDIS is used in this document, this is to be understood as those naviga­tional electronic chart systems, which have been tested, approved and certified as com­pliant with the IMO ECDIS Performance Standards and other relevant IMO Performance Standards and thus is compliant with SOLAS ECDIS requirements.

ECS

ECS is specified in ISO 19379 as follows:

ECS is a navigation information system that electronically displays vessel position and relevant nautical chart data and information from an ECS Database on a display screen, but does not meet all the IMO requirements for ECDIS and is not intended to satisfy the SOLAS Chapter V require­ments to carry a navigational chart.

ECS equipment ranges from simple hand held GPS enabled devices to sophisticated stand­alone computer equipment interfaced to ship systems.

Where are the rules for professional marine navigation written down?

The 1974 International Convention for the Safety of Life at Sea (SOLAS 1974), subse­quently amended in 2000 and 2002, specifies the requirements for the navigational equip­ment to be used onboard ships entitled to fly the flag of a party to the convention. This Convention was adopted by the International Maritime Organisation (IMO), the United Nations Organisation that is concerned with maritime transportation.

IMO member states are obliged to adopt IMO rules and regulations into their national leg­islation. However, only when the convention text has been incorporated into national leg­islation does it take effect for the individual ships registered in that country. This process of incorporation into national legislation may vary from a few months to several years.

The country in which a ship is registered and hence which flag it is flying is known as the Flag State. It is the national maritime administration representing the Flag State, which controls the adherence to the SOLAS carriage requirements (Flag State control).

The national maritime administration is also responsible for Port State control. Ships arriv­ing at a port may be subject to Port State control by local officials (Port State Control Of­ficers – PSCOs) based on Flag State regulations and international agreements. Port states

cooperate within regions to apply consistent standards, for example the European nations and Canada cooperate under the umbrella of the Paris Memorandum of Understanding (Paris MOU).

What are the IMO requirements for the carriage of nautical charts?

What is a nautical chart?

Nautical charts are special purpose maps specifically designed to meet the requirements of marine navigation, showing amongst other things depths, nature of bottom, elevations, configuration and characteristics of coast, dangers and aids to navigation.

Nautical charts offer a graphical representation of relevant information to mariners for executing safe navigation.

Nautical charts can be distributed in analogue form, as paper charts or digitally, and are available from a variety of sources, both governmental and private. For information on paper charts see the separate document “Facts about paper charts”

The requirements for carriage of nautical charts are laid down in SOLAS Chapter V. The relevant regulations are:

- Regulation 2, defines the nautical chart

- Regulation 19, specifies the equipment to be carried on different types of ships and

- Regulation 27, specifies the requirement to keep charts and publications up to date. IMO SOLAS V/2

2.2 Nautical chart or nautical publication is a special-purpose map or book, or a specially com‑

piled database from which such a map or book is derived, that is issued officially by or on

the authority of a Government, authorized Hydrographic Office or other relevant govern‑

ment institution and is designed to meet the requirements of marine navigation.

The nautical charts and nautical publications referred to in regulation V/2 are commonly referred to as “official charts and publications”

IMO SOLAS V/19

2.1 All ships irrespective of size shall have:

2.1.4 nautical charts and nautical publications to plan and display the ship’s route for the intend­ed voyage and to plot and monitor positions throughout the voyage; an Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) may be accepted as meeting the chart carriage requirements of this subparagraph;

2.1.5 back-up arrangements to meet the functional requirements of subparagraph 2.1.4, if this
function is partly or fully fulfilled by electronic means; 1

IMO SOLAS V/27

Nautical charts and nautical publications, such as sailing directions, lists of lights, notices to mari­ners, tide tables and all other nautical publications necessary for the intended voyage, shall be adequate and up to date.

Most vessels still satisfy carriage requirements for charts and publications by the use of paper products, however amendments to SOLAS regulations that came into force in July 2002 allow these carriage requirements to be satisfied solely by electronic means so long as a suitable back up is provided.

The three regulations referred to above show that the carriage requirement for charts and publications can be fulfilled by:

- Carriage of official and up to date paper charts, or

- Carriage of a type-approved ECDIS (in accordance with the requirements of the IMO ECDIS Performance Standards – i.e. using up to date Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) supplemented by an appropriate back up arrangement).

What kinds of electronic charts are available?

There are two types of electronic chart – raster and vector. A raster chart is a scanned and passive image of a paper chart, whereas a vector chart corresponds to a digital analysis by object (points, lines, areas etc.). See Section 4 for further technical details.

Picture 1: Object in the raster chart, example of raster chart (left) and example of vector chart with vessel’s symbol in the middle (right).

What are official charts?

Charts issued by or on the authority of a Government, authorized Hydrographic Office or other relevant government institutions are official and may be used to fulfil carriage re­quirements (provided they are kept up to date).

All other nautical charts are by definition not official and are often referred to as private charts. These charts are not accepted as the basis for navigation under the SOLAS con­vention.

There are two kinds of official digital charts commonly available; Electronic Navigational Charts (ENC) and Raster Navigational Charts (RNC).

What is an ENC?

ENC stands for “Electronic Navigational Chart”. The term was originally introduced for dig­ital chart data complying with the IHO chart data transfer standard S-57. By IMO definition ENCs can only be produced by or on the authority of a government, authorised Hydro-graphic Office or other relevant government institution. Any other vector data is unofficial and does not meet carriage requirements.

ENCs have the following attributes:

- ENC content is based on source data or official charts of the responsible Hydrographic Office;

- ENCs are compiled and coded according to international standards;

- ENCs are referred to World Geodetic System 1984 Datum (WGS84);

- ENC content is the responsibility and liability of the issuing Hydrographic Office;

- ENCs are issued only by the responsible Hydrographic Office; and

- ENCs are regularly updated with official update information distributed digitally.

See section “Meeting carriage requirements for ECDIS” below and Section 4 for further details.

Picture 2: ENC data displayed on a type approved ECDIS.

How do I recognise an ENC?

When I am buying

Only authorized distributors sell ENCs in ENC services which include the delivery of update information. The distributors are authorized either directly by the originating Hydrographic Office or by a cooperation of Hydrographic Offices.

When used in an ECDIS

ECDIS distinguishes an ENC from unofficial data. When unofficial data is used, ECDIS in­forms mariners that they must navigate by means of an official, up to date, paper chart by a continuous warning on the screen.

If unofficial data is shown on the ECDIS display, its boundary is to be identified by a special line style. This boundary is visualized as a “one-sided” RED line with the diagonal stroke on the unofficial side of the line.

Further the mariner can use an ECDIS function to interrogate the chart display to obtain the chart details like information on originator, edition number and status of updating.

How are ENCs distributed?

The International Hydrographic Organisation (IHO) provides an interactive web catalogue (www.iho.int) displaying the status of worldwide ENC production. This system has point­ers for guiding users to ENC suppliers and distributors. A three-colour scheme is used to distinguish between degrees of accessibility.

This catalogue shows that many common shipping routes are already covered by ENCs.

The illustration below shows the front page of the catalogue, which can be found at the IHO web-site at www.iho.int, look under “ENC”.

Some HOs (eg Canada and Australia) make their RNCs and ENCs available to users via their own distributor networks; these distributors often offer additional folio services to shipping companies.

Picture 4: IHO Global ENC Catalogue, March 2007.

How are ENCs protected?

A majority of all ENCs are only made available to the end-users in a protected form com­pliant with the IHO S-63 Data Protection scheme. The standard maintains the integrity in all transactions between the service provider and the end-user. The protection scheme enables the end user systems to check the authenticity of the supplied information.

The S-63 protection scheme defines a mechanism for encrypting ENC information and ap­plying a digital signature to enable authentication of the chart data by the end-user. The end-user will require a decryption key to access and view the ENC data protected by the scheme. Each ENC chart is encrypted with a different key, and the decryption keys are is­sued to specific end-user systems and can consequently not be exchanged or shared by different systems. The required decryption keys are distributed to the end-users as ‘Cell Permits’ by the service provider.

The operation of a protection scheme should not add any operational overhead for the end-users since all aspects of ENC decryption and authentication are handled automati­cally by the chart system. The end-user will occasionally receive new Cell Permits from their service provider when their ENC subscription is renewed or there are changes to the ENC chart outfit. The updated Cell Permits must be imported into the chart system to en­able it to automatically process new ENC deliveries and updates.

A majority of all ECDIS and ECS suppliers have developed support for IHO S-63 and can read protected ENCs.

A few nations distribute their ENCs without using encryption; all ECDIS systems are able to access and display these ENCs.

Are there other ways that ENCs can be distributed?

The International Hydrographic Organisation has approved the distribution of ENCs in the internal format used by the individual ECDIS manufacturer. The generic name of this for­mat is SENC – System-ENC. Depending on the make of ECDIS this can increase the speed of loading of ENC-data. The IHO requires service providers using this method of SENC-dis­tribution to gain the agreement of the Hydrographic Offices supplying the ENCs and to use type approved software to ensure that the integrity of the SENC data is maintained.

What is an RNC?

RNC means “Raster Navigational Chart”. RNCs are digital raster copies of official paper charts conforming to IHO Product Specifications RNC (S-61). By definition RNCs can only be issued by, or on the authority of, a national Hydrographic Office.

RNCs have the following attributes:

- RNCs are a facsimile of official paper charts;

- RNCs are produced according to international standards;

- RNC content is the responsibility of the issuing Hydrographic Office; and

- RNCs are regularly updated with official update information distributed digitally.

The IMO performance standards for ECDIS states that where ENCs are not available, RNCs may be used in ECDIS to meet carriage requirements. However, when the ECDIS is us­ing RNCs it should be used together with an appropriate folio of up to date paper charts. See section “Meeting carriage requirements for ECDIS” below and Section 2 for further details.

Because of their nature, RNCs when used in ECDIS do not provide the same level of func­tionality that is provided by ENCs; the limitations of operating with RNCs are outlined in IMO SN Circulars 207 and 255 (see Annex to this section).

How are ENCs and RNCs kept up to date?

In order to meet carriage requirements, official charts must be kept corrected by Notices to Mariners issued by Hydrographic Offices.

ENCs and RNCs are kept up to date by applying regular, for example weekly, update in­formation to the chart data via a data file. The update file may be transferred by wireless transmission, or by a suitable media e.g. CD. The actual updating is applied automatically by the ECDIS to its chart database. Another standard function of ECDIS is the capability of updating the ENC manually which may be used if the digital update is not available.

At present most ENC and RNC updates are supplied to ships on CD but ‘remote updating’ using satellite (or, when in port, shore based) telecommunications is becoming more and more common. A number of ENC service providers already have updating services using e-mail and web and other means; details may be obtained from ENC distributors.

Is it possible to check that all updates have been applied to the ENC?

Updates to ENCs are sequential, and the sequence is unique to each ENC. During the up­dating process ECDIS always checks that all updates in the sequence have been applied. If an update is missing then the ECDIS will indicate this; it is not possible to load later updates until the missing update is applied.

The ECDIS maintains a list of updates applied and the date of application. This list can be used to check the update status of the ENCs loaded. Should all available ENCs show the same date for the latest update, it is likely that they have not been updated regularly, and the distributor should be contacted for verification. Furthermore it is possible to use tradi­tional sources of information, such as Notices to Mariners, to verify updates.

Port State Control officers may use the ECDIS listing to ensure that ENCs are being kept up to date in accordance with SOLAS V Regulation 27.

What is ECDIS?

ECDIS equipment is specified in the IMO ECDIS Performance Standards (IMO Resolution A.817 (19)) as follows:

Electronic Chart Display and Information System (ECDIS) means a navigation information system which, with adequate back up arrangements, can be accepted as complying with the up-to-date chart required by regulation V/19 & V/27 of the 1974 SOLAS Convention, by displaying selected information from a system electronic navigational chart (SENC) with positional information from navigation sensors to assist the mariner in route planning and route monitoring, and by displaying additional navigation-related information if required.

ECDIS is a ship borne navigational device and as such it is the responsibility of IMO. It must support the whole range of navigational functions that make use of the characteris­tics of the chart data and their specific presentation. Moreover, to be an ECDIS the equip­ment must be shown to meet all the requirements of the IMO Performance Standards (IMO Resolution A.817(19)) and offer, besides the graphic presentation of chart data, additional information about the characteristics of the displayed features.

Within the ECDIS, the ENC database stores the chart information in the form of geographic objects represented by point, line and area shapes, carrying individual attributes, which make any of these objects unique. Appropriate mechanisms are built into the system to query the data, and then to use the obtained information to perform certain navigational functions (e.g. the anti-grounding surveillance).

The presentation of the current position, range/bearing functions and route planning ca­pabilities are other examples of the minimum ECDIS requirements laid down in the IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS.

The presentation of ENCs on the screen is specified in another IHO standard, the “Colours and Symbols Specifications for ECDIS IHO S-52”, i.e. in its Appendix 2, called ”ECDIS Presentation Library”. This style of presentation is mandatory.

The use of ENCs in a tested, approved and certified ECDIS and with appropriate back up arrangements, is the only paperless chart option for vessel navigation.

How is an ECDIS approved and by whom?

To ensure that ECDIS equipment intended for onboard use is seaworthy, it must pass type approval and test procedures developed by the International Electrotechnical Commission (IEC) based on the ECDIS Performance Standards of IMO and applying the IHO require­ments, S-52 and S-57 in particular.

Type approval is a method to show conformance with IMO requirements on a legal basis – it is initiated and required by all Flag States which are Member States of the European Union and by many others outside including United States, Japan and Australia. ECDIS type approval is the certifications process that ECDIS equipment must undergo before it will be considered to comply with the IMO Performance Standards for ECDIS by the inter­national shipping community.

Type approval is normally conducted by recognized organisations or by marine classifica­tion societies nominated by Flag States. Some maritime nations also have type approval programs within their maritime safety administration or Department of Marine Transporta­tion. European Governments have agreed about mutual recognition of their ECDIS type approval certificates – indicated by the so-called “Wheel Mark” sign showing conformity with the Maritime Equipment Directive of the European Union.

Meeting Carriage Requirements with ECDIS

Only a type approved ECDIS operating with up to date ENCs and with appropriate back up may be used to replace all paper charts on a vessel. Where ENCs are not yet available, IMO regulations allow Flag States to authorise the use of RNCs (together with an appropri­ate folio of paper charts) – see below. Note that in all other cases the vessel must carry all paper charts necessary for its intended voyage.

From the regulatory perspective, the most important statement about the legal status of ECDIS is contained in the amended Chapter V of the SOLAS Convention set into force on 1 July 2002. As stated earlier in this section, ECDIS is specifically referred to in Regulation 19 ”Carriage requirements for ship borne navigational systems and equipment”.

However, in order to replace paper charts, such systems must fulfil considerable technical requirements laid down in ECDIS Performance Standards:

- The chart data in use must be official – ENCs where these are available;

- The graphic display on the screen must meet the equipment-independent specifica­tion; and

- The equipment must support the full range of navigational functions that can be per­formed on the traditional paper charts.

Back up requirements

No electronic system is completely failsafe. IMO Performance Standards therefore require that the “overall system” include both a primary ECDIS and an adequate independent back up arrangement that provides:

- Independent facilities enabling a safe take over of the ECDIS functions in order to ensure that a system failure does not result in a critical situation; and

- A means to provide for safe navigation for the remaining part of the voyage in case of ECDIS failure.

However, these rather basic statements allow considerable leeway and there are various interpretations as to what are the minimum functional requirements, or what constitute ”adequate” back up arrangements.

There are two commonly accepted options:

- A second ECDIS, connected to an independent power supply and a separate GPS po­sition input;

- An appropriate up to date folio of official paper charts for the intended voyage

Some Flag States may permit other options (e.g. radar-based systems such as ”Chart-Radar”). Ship owners should consult their national maritime administration for specific advice.

At the request of IMO the IHO is currently seeking information from their member states on which paper charts covering their territorial waters would be appropriate to serve as a back up to ECDIS. IHO will compile this information and present it on its web site in the form of a catalogue.

Information on different maritime administrations’ accepted back up arrangements can be found in Section 2.

What to do in areas without ENC coverage?

In 1998 the IMO recognised that it would take some years to complete the world’s cover­age of ENCs. As a consequence IMO ECDIS Performance Standards were amended add­ing a new optional mode of operation of ECDIS, the Raster Chart Display System (RCDS) mode. In this mode RNCs can be used in ECDIS to meet SOLAS carriage requirements for nautical charts. However, this is only allowed if approved by the Flag State. The intention of those changes was to allow the ECDIS to operate as far as possible on official chart data; ENCs where they were available and RNCs to fill in the gaps.

IMO took note of the limitations of RNCs as compared to ENCs (see IMO SN Circular 207 at Annex), and the revised ECDIS Performance Standards require that the ECDIS must be used together with “an appropriate folio of up to date paper charts” for the areas where RCDS mode is employed. The intention was to allow the number of paper charts carried by a vessel to be reduced where RCDS mode was employed, but only to a level compat­ible with safe navigation. No definition of an “appropriate folio” was provided by IMO and consequently different Flag States developed individual interpretations.

As there is no common interpretation of the term “appropriate” ship owners should consult their Flag State as to whether RCDS mode is allowed and under what conditions.

A web-based catalogue showing world coverage of all ENCs, RNCs and paper charts avail­able is currently under preparation by the IHO.

In areas where ENCs or RNCs are not available vessels must carry all paper charts neces­sary for the intended voyage.

Section 2 gives details of the implementation by specific maritime administrations.

Does your ECDIS system Meet Carriage Requirements?

Are ENCs available for area of operation?	YES	NO	YES	NO
What Digital Charts are being used in the ECDIS by the mariner?	ENC (coverage at an appropriate scale for navigation)	RNC (coverage at an appropriate scale for navigation)	RNC	Private charts (6)
What back up system is required?	Independent ECDIS or other back up solution required	Independent ECDIS or other back up solution required	None required (3)	None required (3)
What are the requirements for the carriage of Official paper charts?	None needed (1) (except if back up is a folio of paper charts)	An “appropriate” folio of up to date paper charts to be used in conjunction with the ECDIS in RCDS mode	All up to date paper charts required for safe navigation in areas where ENCs are available	All up to date paper charts required for safe navigation for the intended voyage
How is the ECDIS operating ? Does the ECDIS fulfil Chart Carriage Requirements?	As an ECDIS YES (1)	As an ECDIS in RCDS mode YES (2)	As an ECDIS in RCDS mode NO (4)	As an ECS NO (5)

Table 1: ECDIS Carriage Requirements – a summary

Notes to table above:

- (1) Some Flag States may require specific documentation to allow this.

- (2) Requires approval of vessel’s Flag State – Flag State defines meaning of ‘appropri­ate’

- (3) Back up system is only required if ECDIS is intended to meet carriage require­ments

- (4) For ECDIS to fulfil Carriage requirements vessels must use ENCs where these are available

- (5) Paper charts (not the ECDIS) must remain the primary means of navigation

- (6) If private charts are used in an ECDIS the system is regarded as operating as an ECS. ECDIS operating as ECS, ECS systems meeting RTCM standards or Private charts meeting ISO standards being used in ECDIS do not meet carriage require­ments.

Can chart format names indicate carriage compliance?

There has been much confusion with regard to the names used to describe electronic chart distribution formats; the diagram below is designed to clarify the situation. From the dia­gram it can be seen that the same distribution format can be used for the delivery of both private and official chart data. For instance ’BSB’ is the term used for the distribution for­mat of US and Canadian RNCs; the same term is used for the distribution of private raster chart data in other areas (for example in European waters). There can also be confusion with ENCs; private vector chart data delivered in S-57 format does not meet IMO require­ments and should never be named as ENC. Similarly private vector data delivered in SENC format can be mistaken for ENCs delivered in the same SENC format.

Therefore the most important factor to consider is the source of the electronic chart data; this determines its status and the purpose for which it may be used. However, only the combination between the status of the chart data and the functionality of the particular device finally decides if its practical operation can be stated as ECDIS-mode or as ECS­mode.

Picture 5: Examples of Electronic Chart Formats. Many ECS systems are able to use ENC or RNC data, how­ever even when using official charts they may not be used to fulfil carriage requirements.

Acceptance of ECDIS by Port State control

Ships arriving at a port may be subject to Port State control by local officials based on Flag State regulations and international agreements. Nations have formed a number of regional groups to ensure consistent application of Port State controls.

In Europe the Port State control acts on the regulations set out in the Paris Memorandum of Understanding. Its ECDIS guidelines explain how a PSCO should assess whether a ship is using electronic charts in accordance with SOLAS requirements. Checks may include whether:

- The ship has documentation indicating that the system complies with IMO Perform­ance Standards for ECDIS. In the absence of such documentation, the PSCO should seek confirmation from the Flag State that the system does meet the statutory re-q u i rem ents;

- The system is being used for primary navigation. It should be established if ECDIS is used in the ENC mode or RCDS mode or in both modes;

- There are written procedures onboard the vessel for using ECDIS;

- The master and watch-keeping officers are able to produce appropriate documenta­tion that generic and type-specific ECDIS familiarisation has been undertaken;

- The charts used for the intended voyage are the latest official editions;

- The charts in use are updated; and

- There are approved back up arrangements available to ensure a safe transfer of the ECDIS functions in the event of ECDIS failure and to provide safe navigation for the remaining part of the voyage.

Is there a need for ECDIS training?

Unlike the paper chart, ECDIS is a highly sophisticated system which, besides the naviga­tional functions, includes components of a complex, computer-based information system. In total, the system includes hardware, operating system, ECDIS software (kernel and user interface), sensor input interfacing, electronic chart data, rules for presentation and display, status and parameters of alarms and indications, etc. All these items are accessed through an appropriate human-machine interface. As such, care must be taken when navi­gating with ECDIS to avoid

- False operation

- Misinterpretation

- Malfunction or, even worse,

- Over-reliance on this highly-automated navigation system

As with any type of shipboard navigation equipment, it can only be as good as those who use it and what it is being used for. In the case of ECDIS and electronic charts, if the mari­ner is well trained then the system provides the information flow that the mariner needs to make good decisions and therefore contributes significantly to safe and efficient naviga­tion. Stated another way, an electronic chart system is another tool to enable mariners to perform their job better. However, just having some “knowledge” about “functions” and “operational controls” is insufficient to maximise the benefits of ECDIS; proper training is absolutely necessary.

What are the requirements for ECDIS training?

ECDIS and other electronic charting systems have become increasingly important to ship navigation and are already widely used either as a primary navigation tool or as an aid to navigation. The systems are increasingly complex, and require adequate and appropriate training in order to be operated correctly and safely. Without proper training, these sys­tems will not be used to their full potential and could under some circumstances increase the hazard to navigation. The STCW (Standards of Training, Certification and Watch-keep­ing) and ISM (International Safety Management) codes put the responsibility firmly on the shipowner to ensure that mariners on their vessels are competent to carry out the duties they are expected to perform. If a ship is fitted with ECDIS, the shipowner has a duty to ensure that users of such a system are properly trained in the operation and use of elec­tronic charts and are familiar with the shipboard equipment before using it operationally at sea.

There is no specific regulation or reference to ECDIS systems in the STCW Convention. However, since ECDIS systems are related to electronic charts, references about them are considered to be included in the material covered by the word “chart”:

- To encourage effective ECDIS education, the IMO approved a standardised model course for ECDIS training on the operational use of ECDIS in 1999 (IMO course 1.27). This course is offered by approved training institutions and maritime academies. Maritime administrations can provide information on approved institutions. Some Flag States have developed their own training courses in ECDIS in order to be able to recognise the training certificates.

- Type specific ECDIS training is provided by equipment manufacturers. Further details on ECDIS training are to be found in Section 3. What are the operational considerations when using ECDIS?

Navigating with ECDIS is fundamentally different from navigating with paper charts. Im­portant bridge work-processes are significantly affected, in particular, voyage planning and voyage execution task. These require careful analysis and consideration:

Voyage Planning

ECDIS provides a number of additional planning functions and features such as safety contours, alarms, click-and-drop facilities for waypoints and markers, etc. Whilst in many ways ECDIS makes voyage planning easier it is still possible to make errors, however these are likely to be of a different type to those encountered when using paper charts.

Even though ENC coverage is increasing rapidly, many vessels will, to some degree, have to operate a dual – or even triple – system with ENCs paper and raster charts. Planning and validation of the route has therefore to consider issues such as which chart types are available for the various segments of the voyage. The format of the voyage plan is likely to differ from the traditional alphanumeric lists of waypoints used with paper charts and should include information on the usability of connected electronic navigational devices such as GPS and AIS and their actual alarm settings.

It is essential to make use of the in-built automatic check functions provided by ECDIS when validating and approving the voyage plan. Thought also needs to be given to ensur­ing that a backup to the voyage plan on the ECDIS is available in case of equipment failure of the ECDIS itself or the connected sensors.

It is important that there is good communication of the voyage plan to all bridge officers so that they are prepared for the intended voyage. This should include information on equipment status and backup procedures

Voyage execution

At the beginning of the voyage, as well as at any change of watch, the officers should re­view the voyage plan and agree the selected pre-settings of functions, alarms and indica­tors to be used on the ECDIS.

Where vessels carry paper charts as well as an ECDIS the role of the ECDIS and the charts should be considered. If the ECDIS is used for real time navigation, the statutory require­ments regarding monitoring of the progress of the voyage and marking of positions will need to be considered:

· are positions marked in paper charts solely for record keeping purposes?

· what steps are taken to ensure that intended tracks marked on the paper charts cor­respond with the ECDIS information?

· have the bridge procedures set in place by the shipping company been adapted for the use of ECDIS and are all persons concerned with the navigation familiar with these adaptations

Over reliance on ECDIS

There is a tendency to put too much trust in computer based systems and believe what­ever is on the display. It is essential that officers remember to cross check the information displayed by all other means available; especially by looking out the window and watching the radar! Bridge-procedures must be adapted appropriately and ENC training must be carried out to alleviate these concerns.

Is there a mandatory requirement to carry ECDIS?

- In December 2006 the Marine Safety Committee (MSC) of IMO agreed amendments to the High Speed Craft (HSC) regulations requiring all HSC craft built after 2008 to be fitted with ECDIS and existing HSC to be retrofitted by 2010.

- At the same meeting MSC also accepted the findings of a Formal Safety Assessment (FSA) on ECDIS presented by Norway and other nations showing the positive benefit of fitting ECDIS. As a result of this study MSC has instructed the NAV sub-committee to discuss the extension of mandatory carriage of ECDIS to other classes of vessel and to report back to them in 2008.

What is ECS?

All systems, which are not tested to show compliance with the ECDIS Performance Stand­ards, can be generically designated as ”Electronic Chart Systems” (ECS). An ECS may be able to use either ENCs, RNCs or other chart data produced privately and could have functionality similar to ECDIS.

Some ECS equipment manufacturers also produce vector and raster data to use in their products. These suppliers have been producing private chart data for a number of years and have established themselves in the market. They were the pioneers and have estab­lished the idea and the use of electronic chart systems on vessels. Their charts are derived from Hydrographic Office paper charts or Hydrographic Office digital data.

Hydrographic Offices do not take any responsibility for the accuracy or reliability of pri­vately produced charts.

Where the vessel operates with ECS, the paper chart remains the official basis for naviga­tion onboard. The vessel must retain and use a full folio of up to date paper charts on­board, regardless of the type of electronic charts used.

Because ECS is not intended to meet SOLAS requirements, there are no IMO Performance Standards for ECS.

Some ECS manufacturers also use the term RCDS to describe their systems. In this case the manufacturer is stating that the system uses RNCs and possibly that it has the same functionality as required by the ECDIS Performance Standards. However, such systems cannot be used to meet carriage requirements.

The STCW and ISM codes put the responsibility firmly on the shipowner to ensure that mariners on their vessels are competent to carry out the duties they are expected to per­form. If a ship has ECS fitted, the shipowner has a duty to ensure that users of such a system are properly trained in the operation and use of electronic charts, are aware of the limitations compared to ECDIS and are familiar with the shipboard equipment before using it operationally at sea.

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